54. What is compartment Syndrome?
When fluid accumulates inside a compartment and the pressure rise, which interferes with blood flow into the region reducing the supply of oxygen and nutrients. It causes intense pain and may require immediate surgery through the fascia to relieve pressure and restore circulation.
55. What is creatine phosphate? How does it supply energy for muscle contraction?
It is the initial source available to regenerate ATP from ADP. It is very abundant in muscle fibers and it is able to store energy from mitochondria. It supplies energy by, quickly turning back ADP molecules to ATP molecules.
56. What substance in Muscle seems able to store oxygen temporarily?
Myoglobin
57. How is oxygen usually brought to muscle cells?
Blood carries oxygen from the lungs to other body cells, such as muscles cells, while bound to hemoglobin. When it reaches a place low on oxygen the oxygen is released from the hemoglobin.
58. Why is oxygen necessary for muscle contraction?
Contracting muscle fibers might compress blood vessels, causing blood flow to decrease.
59. How does muscle continue to contract in the absence of oxygen?
Lactic acid threshold. Lactic acid goes to the liver and glucose is produced, and requires energy from ATP. This means an oxygen debt is accumulated that must be repaid at a later time.
60.What is meant by oxygen debt? How is it paid off?
It is the amount of oxygen liver cells require to use the lactic acid to produce glucose, plus the amount the muscle cells require to resynthsize ATP and create phosphate , and restore their original concentrations. It is repaid by converting lactic acid back to pyruvic acid and storing glycogen.
61.What is meant by muscle fatigue? What causes it?
When a muscle exercised persistently for a long period of time, loses its ability to contract. It is caused by decreased blood flow, ion imbalances across the sarcolemma from repeated stimulation, and the psychological loss of the desire to continue the exercise, but the most common cause is the accumulation of lactic acid in muscle from anaerobic ATP production.
62.Define threshold Stimulus.
Stimulation level that must be exceeded to elicit a nerve impulse or a muscle contraction.
63. Define all or none response.
When a muscle fiber is brought to threshold under a given set of conditions, and tends to contract completely, so that each twitch generates the same force.
64.What are concentric and eccentric muscle contractions?
Concentric is when a muscle shortens when it contracts. Eccentric is when a muscle lengthens, and happens when a muscle creates less force than needed to move or lift an object.
65.What is hypertrophy?
When a muscle enlarges.
66. What is atrophy?
When a muscle decreases in size and strength.
67.Smooth muscle:
Major Location- walls of hollow organs
Major function- Movement of walls of hollow organs; peristalsis; vasoconstriction
Mode of control-Involuntary
Contraction characteristics- Contracts and relaxes relatively slowly; some types self exciting; rhythmic
Cardiac muscle
Major Locations- walls of the Heart
Major function- Pumping action of the heart
Mode of control- Involunatry
Contraction Characteristics- Network of fibers contract as a unit; slef exciting; rhythmic; remains refractory until contraction ends
Skeletal muscle
Major location-Skeletal Muscles
Major function- Movement of bones at joint; maintenance of posture
Mode of control- Voluntary
Contraction characteristics- Contracts and relaxes relatively rapidly
68.What are the names of the body regions of the thorax?
Right upper quadrant, and left upper quadrant
69. What are the 6 joint types and name examples of each.
*Under skeletal page
70. Specifically, what type of training is most likely to increase muscle size? Endurance?
Resistance training increases size while training that works slow twitch fibers increase endurance.
When fluid accumulates inside a compartment and the pressure rise, which interferes with blood flow into the region reducing the supply of oxygen and nutrients. It causes intense pain and may require immediate surgery through the fascia to relieve pressure and restore circulation.
55. What is creatine phosphate? How does it supply energy for muscle contraction?
It is the initial source available to regenerate ATP from ADP. It is very abundant in muscle fibers and it is able to store energy from mitochondria. It supplies energy by, quickly turning back ADP molecules to ATP molecules.
56. What substance in Muscle seems able to store oxygen temporarily?
Myoglobin
57. How is oxygen usually brought to muscle cells?
Blood carries oxygen from the lungs to other body cells, such as muscles cells, while bound to hemoglobin. When it reaches a place low on oxygen the oxygen is released from the hemoglobin.
58. Why is oxygen necessary for muscle contraction?
Contracting muscle fibers might compress blood vessels, causing blood flow to decrease.
59. How does muscle continue to contract in the absence of oxygen?
Lactic acid threshold. Lactic acid goes to the liver and glucose is produced, and requires energy from ATP. This means an oxygen debt is accumulated that must be repaid at a later time.
60.What is meant by oxygen debt? How is it paid off?
It is the amount of oxygen liver cells require to use the lactic acid to produce glucose, plus the amount the muscle cells require to resynthsize ATP and create phosphate , and restore their original concentrations. It is repaid by converting lactic acid back to pyruvic acid and storing glycogen.
61.What is meant by muscle fatigue? What causes it?
When a muscle exercised persistently for a long period of time, loses its ability to contract. It is caused by decreased blood flow, ion imbalances across the sarcolemma from repeated stimulation, and the psychological loss of the desire to continue the exercise, but the most common cause is the accumulation of lactic acid in muscle from anaerobic ATP production.
62.Define threshold Stimulus.
Stimulation level that must be exceeded to elicit a nerve impulse or a muscle contraction.
63. Define all or none response.
When a muscle fiber is brought to threshold under a given set of conditions, and tends to contract completely, so that each twitch generates the same force.
64.What are concentric and eccentric muscle contractions?
Concentric is when a muscle shortens when it contracts. Eccentric is when a muscle lengthens, and happens when a muscle creates less force than needed to move or lift an object.
65.What is hypertrophy?
When a muscle enlarges.
66. What is atrophy?
When a muscle decreases in size and strength.
67.Smooth muscle:
Major Location- walls of hollow organs
Major function- Movement of walls of hollow organs; peristalsis; vasoconstriction
Mode of control-Involuntary
Contraction characteristics- Contracts and relaxes relatively slowly; some types self exciting; rhythmic
Cardiac muscle
Major Locations- walls of the Heart
Major function- Pumping action of the heart
Mode of control- Involunatry
Contraction Characteristics- Network of fibers contract as a unit; slef exciting; rhythmic; remains refractory until contraction ends
Skeletal muscle
Major location-Skeletal Muscles
Major function- Movement of bones at joint; maintenance of posture
Mode of control- Voluntary
Contraction characteristics- Contracts and relaxes relatively rapidly
68.What are the names of the body regions of the thorax?
Right upper quadrant, and left upper quadrant
69. What are the 6 joint types and name examples of each.
*Under skeletal page
70. Specifically, what type of training is most likely to increase muscle size? Endurance?
Resistance training increases size while training that works slow twitch fibers increase endurance.